Dr Jelke van der Pal obtained his Ph.D. in 1995 (Educational Science and Technology, University of Twente, NL) and is Senior Scientist at the National Aerospace Laboratory NLR of the Netherlands. Since 1996 he is active in the aviation training R&D, which includes training analysis for the NH90, for the proposed pan-European military pilot school (Eurotraining), and for NATO-level networked simulator mission training (Exercise First WAVE). He has produced a training package for the 6FW SAFEE project (2005-2008), concerning on-board security systems and concepts. Van der Pal has coordinated the 5FW ADAPT-IT (IST) project (2000-2003), producing a pragmatic training design method tool that provides competency based support for several phases of the Instructional Systems Development cycle. Together with co-author Pia Justen, he is active in the program "Human Factors in future Air Traffic Management" where they perform studies relating to Shared Mental Models.